(Picture supply: VICE)
In January of this 12 months (2025), the state of Louisiana indicted Dr. Margaret Carpenter. Her offense: prescribing mifepristone (an abortion medicine) to a resident of that state. Within the wake of Dobbs v. Jackson (2022), Louisiana has imposed a close to complete ban on abortion, providing no exemptions for circumstances of rape or incest. It treats abortion medicine as “managed harmful substances.”
What makes Dr. Carpenter’s case notable is that she relies in New York State—the place abortion stays authorized—and from there runs a reproductive tele-healthcare service devoted to serving to “sufferers from marginalized and weak communities” who’re dwelling in “abortion deserts.” In different phrases, she serves individuals from components of america the place abortion is now unlawful. At the moment, Louisiana is looking for to extradite Dr. Carpenter who would possibly face imprisonment, hefty fines, and the lack of her medical license. New York State is refusing to adjust to this extradition order.
This case, with its jurisdictional points, is bringing abortion suppliers and those that oppose them into uncharted authorized waters.
This isn’t the primary time, nevertheless, that the combat for reproductive freedom has linked Louisiana and New York. Two weeks after Louisiana indicted Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Horace Hale Harvey III—one in all that state’s native sons—handed away on the age of 93. Between 1969 and 1971, abortion seekers traveled–first from New York to Louisiana after which from Louisiana (and certainly dozens of different states) to New York–looking for Dr. Harvey’s medical providers.
Fascinated by Dr. Carpenter’s present case alongside the pre-Roe second, when Dr. Harvey supplied abortions, is like watching a reverse movement movie. Then, as now, the standing of abortion was altering quickly however from unlawful to authorized. Like now, there have been medical deserts the place abortion couldn’t be accessed and some oases of medical provision. However the deserts had been shrinking, not rising. Then, as now, ladies needed to journey nice distances and sometimes at nice expense to achieve suppliers in locations like New York and California. These prices and distances, nevertheless, had been diminishing, not growing.
It was in opposition to this transitory backdrop that Dr. Harvey supplied unlawful abortions in New Orleans, not as a result of he was looking for to make a revenue, however out of a dedication to reproductive freedom. He helped hundreds of girls over a two-year interval and practically misplaced every little thing.
Dr. Harvey’s determination to supply abortions was rooted in his non secular and philosophical commitments. Whereas pursuing his medical diploma at Louisiana State College within the early Sixties, Harvey was deeply concerned with the Scholar Christian Affiliation and was the director of grownup training for the New Orleans YMCA. These mainline Protestant organizations—other than providing fellowship and recreation—uncovered Harvey to a variety of progressive causes together with civil rights and reproductive rights.
Mainline Protestants—as in Presbyterians, Episcopalians, United Methodists, amongst others—had been vocal in these years in regards to the Christian obligation to separate intercourse from replica inside marriage. Assist for contraceptive entry among the many mainline was practically ubiquitous, and there was a rising tide of help for abortion entry. Whereas Harvey attended LSU, it was not unusual for lay and spiritual audio system alike to talk at school campuses in favor of sexual duty and sexual freedom, not simply between married {couples}, and even straight {couples}, however between all loving companions. Such talks—which emphasised accountable determination making whereas affirming the goodness of sexuality—had been typical of an period when campus chaplains helped college students ethically navigate altering sexual mores.
After receiving his M.D. in 1966, Harvey pursued a Masters in Public Well being and a Ph.D. from Tulane College. It was there that Harvey started his work in earnest on sexual well being points. Dr. Harvey’s public well being coaching led him to consider sexual issues on a systemic degree. He believed that an epidemic of “ignorance regarding sexual issues” was inflicting widespread “grief and distress.” To allay this distress, he sought to create an academic and sensible useful resource for on a regular basis individuals, the Group Intercourse Info and Training Service (CSIES). Based in 1969, CSIES was a free phone hotline staffed by medical and psychological professionals, in addition to non secular and lay counselors. Its goal was to permit “adults no matter socio-economic background… fast assistance on all issues of a sexual nature.”
In his quest to teach the general public about sexual well being, Dr. Harvey’s group distributed intercourse training supplies on numerous faculty campuses throughout Louisiana. Doing so raised eyebrows but in addition garnered media consideration and publicity, which the group welcomed in its efforts to achieve these in want of knowledge and help. CSIES additionally despatched out a survey about sexual practices to hundreds of Louisiana faculty college students in an effort to know and meet younger individuals’s informational wants. One in all these wants was details about the place to get a protected and reasonably priced abortion.
Even with out this survey or the CSIES hotline, it could have been exhausting for Harvey to have missed the pressing demand for abortions round him and the harmful state of abortion care. Louisiana newspapers recurrently carried tales about unlawful abortion rings and botched abortions, many from unskilled, costly, and shady suppliers.
Early on, Dr. Harvey believed that sexual information was the precondition for sexual and reproductive decisions. Or as he put it, “individuals can often make their very own choices if they will acquire the knowledge obligatory.” Nevertheless it shortly turned clear to him that sexual data wanted to be matched with protected and reasonably priced medical sources. Someday in 1968 or 1969, Dr. Harvey started offering low-cost abortions out of a set of places of work in a downtown New Orleans resort.
There was an enormous demand for such abortion providers and valuable few medical doctors prepared to offer them in america. Physicians who supplied an unlawful abortion risked imprisonment, disbarment, and hefty fines. Put barely in a different way, Harvey jeopardized his profession, livelihood, fame, and even his freedom.
Harvey’s fame of offering reasonably priced and protected unlawful abortions grew shortly and put him on the radar of the Clergy Session Service on Abortion (CCS). This interdenominational non secular group devoted itself to serving to ladies entry protected and reasonably priced abortions—each unlawful and authorized—from licensed medical suppliers. One New York Metropolis minister later described Dr. Harvey as realizing, “extra about medical strategies in abortions than anybody within the nation” and as “a person of excessive social conscience, who labored out a scale of modest charges scaling all the way down to zero.”
To guard itself and its shoppers from authorized dangers, the CCS solely labored with licensed physicians. The CCS didn’t know that Harvey had misplaced his medical license someday in 1969. The historic document is patchy in regards to the circumstances surrounding Harvey surrendering his license to the Louisiana State Medical Board. There have been no headlines about police raids or botched abortions. Certainly, there is no such thing as a proof suggesting that Harvey was something lower than impeccable in his medical method or his therapy of sufferers all through his profession. The historic document solely reveals that the forfeiture of his license got here from violating Louisiana’s strict abortion legal guidelines. Like different physicians of conscience from that period, Harvey risked his skilled standing with a view to enhance the lives of abortion seekers.
Whether or not it was out of disgrace, ambition, or pragmatism is unclear, however Harvey saved quiet about the truth that he was now not capable of legally observe drugs. Had this reality come to mild, the CCS would have instantly ended their relationship with Harvey. What is obvious is that Harvey continued offering unlawful abortions whereas searching for methods to assist abortion seekers on a structural degree.
The chance to take action arose in early 1970 when New York State legalized abortion. Harvey and his colleague Barbara Pyle approached the New York Metropolis department of the CCS with a proposal to construct a authorized, freestanding abortion clinic, the primary of its variety in New York. Harvey and Pyle had rigorously studied and brought inspiration from reproductive healthcare provision in England, which had legalized abortion in 1968. The clinic, they proposed, would serve CCS counselees from throughout america in addition to New York Metropolis residents. And the mode for delivering this reproductive healthcare, Harvey underscored, would look after “the entire particular person” fairly than simply terminating a being pregnant. Counseling, intercourse training, and aftercare had been all a part of the imaginative and prescient. To this present day, abortion clinics use related fashions of reproductive healthcare.
The very causes that CCS clergy utilized Harvey’s unlawful abortion providers—his compassion, his expertise, and his dedication to providing reasonably priced and holistic therapy—triggered the clergy to comply with this plan. Harvey supplied the seed cash to purchase medical gear and set up the clinic, which got here to be generally known as the Middle for Reproductive and Sexual Well being (CRASH). The day abortion turned authorized—July 1, 1970—CRASH opened its doorways on East 73rd Avenue in New York Metropolis.
As a result of New York State didn’t have residency necessities, abortion suppliers there have been deluged with sufferers from throughout america and Canada. New York’s Well being Division reported that 88,000 ladies from 48 states traveled to New York between July 1 and December 31 of 1970.
An oasis in an unlimited medical desert, CRASH was inundated with sufferers who wanted reduction. Abortion seekers, unable to afford a resort room, camped out with their sleeping baggage, staying in doorways or sleeping of their automobiles in midtown Manhattan till they might get their process at CRASH. “All of us had been by means of unlawful abortions, so all people felt that they’d do something to assist the affected person,” remembered CRASH counselor Sabra Moore. A “variety of individuals had been taking sufferers dwelling,” she wrote, “Everybody was overdoing it, as a result of we had the sensation that this was her solely probability.”
From Dr. Harvey’s perspective, counselors like Moore had been important to enacting a holistic reproductive healthcare agenda. Harvey prioritized hiring and coaching these feminine counselors, a lot of whom had ties to the ladies’s liberation motion and lots of of whom had skilled the hardship of acquiring an abortion earlier than legalization. Anne Barry, who labored at CRASH as a counselor, recalled that Harvey “gave us group and particular person instruction…We discovered in regards to the procedures, about birth-control strategies, sterilizing strategies…We discovered how finest to specific our personal emotions to sufferers and to hearken to theirs.”
At different amenities throughout New York state, abortion was far costlier. Many New York hospitals charged upward of $500 for abortions. At first, CRASH charged $200. Inside a 12 months, CRASH dropped the value to $150 after which to $125. The clinic charged indigent sufferers even much less: a nominal price of $25. Whereas non-public hospitals and different clinics actively resisted working with Medicaid recipients, CRASH welcomed these sufferers. In a path-setting initiative, the clinic utilized for Medicaid reciprocity for out-of-state sufferers. Because of these efforts, ladies from states the place abortion was not but authorized, resembling Alabama and Mississippi, might have their medical prices coated at Dr. Harvey’s clinic.
Harvey’s time at CRASH was influential however quick. In late 1970, lower than six months after he arrived in New York Metropolis, his skilled standing got here to mild. A routine vetting of the clinic by the New York Division of Well being uncovered Harvey’s lack of medical license and the truth that he continued to offer abortions. The revelations jeopardized the certification of the clinic and its very capacity to remain open. To guard CRASH, Harvey resigned in January of 1971. CRASH’s information, contemporaneous sources, my interviews with the workers, and newspaper protection don’t counsel that Harvey himself confronted imminent arrest or prosecution. Officers appear to have wished to resolve the problem shortly and quietly.
Hale Harvey left america in early 1971. He moved to England and finally settled on the Isle of Wight, a small island off the nation’s southern coast. There, he raised a household and devoted himself to a variety of social causes together with reasonably priced housing.
What are we to make of Hale Harvey’s reproductive healthcare legacy? Harvey’s life and actions, just like the historic second through which he practiced drugs, weren’t tidy. On a primary degree, Harvey supplied abortions at a second when the social that means and authorized standing of the process and those that supplied them had been quickly altering. These pre-Roe years noticed numerous medical suppliers—many knowledgeable by non secular beliefs—take authorized dangers to problem medical and authorized rules that they felt had been unethical and unfair. A few of these medical doctors retained their licenses or regained them after abortion turned legalized. However some, like Horace Hale Harvey III, fell between the cracks of fixing authorized regimes.
In a way, Harvey’s want to offer assist—and to assist shortly—meant that he undercut his personal efforts. Excellent, Harvey appeared to imagine, was the enemy of excellent, typically to the frustration of these round him who had been extra element oriented about their method to social change. A colleague within the CCS chastised Harvey in 1970 for his “mania for conquering the entire world by subsequent Monday.” And that evaluation was greater than honest. However maybe a extra beneficiant view can be to see Harvey’s actions as an act of triage at a second of medical disaster. Ladies had been actually dying to get the sort of healthcare that Dr. Harvey willingly supplied.
The historical past of abortion activism, in spite of everything, is stuffed with imperfect actors providing compassion and sensible assist in a system that will criminalize them and disgrace these looking for their assist. And maybe that intent and impulse—bearing witness to ache and responding to these in want regardless of the profound skilled and private dangers—is Dr. Harvey’s lasting and most essential legacy.
Gillian Frank is an Assistant Professor within the Historical past of the Trendy United States at Trinity Faculty Dublin. His ebook, A Sacred Alternative: Liberal Faith and the Wrestle for Abortion Earlier than Roe v Wade, is forthcoming with College of North Carolina Press.
(Picture supply: VICE)
In January of this 12 months (2025), the state of Louisiana indicted Dr. Margaret Carpenter. Her offense: prescribing mifepristone (an abortion medicine) to a resident of that state. Within the wake of Dobbs v. Jackson (2022), Louisiana has imposed a close to complete ban on abortion, providing no exemptions for circumstances of rape or incest. It treats abortion medicine as “managed harmful substances.”
What makes Dr. Carpenter’s case notable is that she relies in New York State—the place abortion stays authorized—and from there runs a reproductive tele-healthcare service devoted to serving to “sufferers from marginalized and weak communities” who’re dwelling in “abortion deserts.” In different phrases, she serves individuals from components of america the place abortion is now unlawful. At the moment, Louisiana is looking for to extradite Dr. Carpenter who would possibly face imprisonment, hefty fines, and the lack of her medical license. New York State is refusing to adjust to this extradition order.
This case, with its jurisdictional points, is bringing abortion suppliers and those that oppose them into uncharted authorized waters.
This isn’t the primary time, nevertheless, that the combat for reproductive freedom has linked Louisiana and New York. Two weeks after Louisiana indicted Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Horace Hale Harvey III—one in all that state’s native sons—handed away on the age of 93. Between 1969 and 1971, abortion seekers traveled–first from New York to Louisiana after which from Louisiana (and certainly dozens of different states) to New York–looking for Dr. Harvey’s medical providers.
Fascinated by Dr. Carpenter’s present case alongside the pre-Roe second, when Dr. Harvey supplied abortions, is like watching a reverse movement movie. Then, as now, the standing of abortion was altering quickly however from unlawful to authorized. Like now, there have been medical deserts the place abortion couldn’t be accessed and some oases of medical provision. However the deserts had been shrinking, not rising. Then, as now, ladies needed to journey nice distances and sometimes at nice expense to achieve suppliers in locations like New York and California. These prices and distances, nevertheless, had been diminishing, not growing.
It was in opposition to this transitory backdrop that Dr. Harvey supplied unlawful abortions in New Orleans, not as a result of he was looking for to make a revenue, however out of a dedication to reproductive freedom. He helped hundreds of girls over a two-year interval and practically misplaced every little thing.
Dr. Harvey’s determination to supply abortions was rooted in his non secular and philosophical commitments. Whereas pursuing his medical diploma at Louisiana State College within the early Sixties, Harvey was deeply concerned with the Scholar Christian Affiliation and was the director of grownup training for the New Orleans YMCA. These mainline Protestant organizations—other than providing fellowship and recreation—uncovered Harvey to a variety of progressive causes together with civil rights and reproductive rights.
Mainline Protestants—as in Presbyterians, Episcopalians, United Methodists, amongst others—had been vocal in these years in regards to the Christian obligation to separate intercourse from replica inside marriage. Assist for contraceptive entry among the many mainline was practically ubiquitous, and there was a rising tide of help for abortion entry. Whereas Harvey attended LSU, it was not unusual for lay and spiritual audio system alike to talk at school campuses in favor of sexual duty and sexual freedom, not simply between married {couples}, and even straight {couples}, however between all loving companions. Such talks—which emphasised accountable determination making whereas affirming the goodness of sexuality—had been typical of an period when campus chaplains helped college students ethically navigate altering sexual mores.
After receiving his M.D. in 1966, Harvey pursued a Masters in Public Well being and a Ph.D. from Tulane College. It was there that Harvey started his work in earnest on sexual well being points. Dr. Harvey’s public well being coaching led him to consider sexual issues on a systemic degree. He believed that an epidemic of “ignorance regarding sexual issues” was inflicting widespread “grief and distress.” To allay this distress, he sought to create an academic and sensible useful resource for on a regular basis individuals, the Group Intercourse Info and Training Service (CSIES). Based in 1969, CSIES was a free phone hotline staffed by medical and psychological professionals, in addition to non secular and lay counselors. Its goal was to permit “adults no matter socio-economic background… fast assistance on all issues of a sexual nature.”
In his quest to teach the general public about sexual well being, Dr. Harvey’s group distributed intercourse training supplies on numerous faculty campuses throughout Louisiana. Doing so raised eyebrows but in addition garnered media consideration and publicity, which the group welcomed in its efforts to achieve these in want of knowledge and help. CSIES additionally despatched out a survey about sexual practices to hundreds of Louisiana faculty college students in an effort to know and meet younger individuals’s informational wants. One in all these wants was details about the place to get a protected and reasonably priced abortion.
Even with out this survey or the CSIES hotline, it could have been exhausting for Harvey to have missed the pressing demand for abortions round him and the harmful state of abortion care. Louisiana newspapers recurrently carried tales about unlawful abortion rings and botched abortions, many from unskilled, costly, and shady suppliers.
Early on, Dr. Harvey believed that sexual information was the precondition for sexual and reproductive decisions. Or as he put it, “individuals can often make their very own choices if they will acquire the knowledge obligatory.” Nevertheless it shortly turned clear to him that sexual data wanted to be matched with protected and reasonably priced medical sources. Someday in 1968 or 1969, Dr. Harvey started offering low-cost abortions out of a set of places of work in a downtown New Orleans resort.
There was an enormous demand for such abortion providers and valuable few medical doctors prepared to offer them in america. Physicians who supplied an unlawful abortion risked imprisonment, disbarment, and hefty fines. Put barely in a different way, Harvey jeopardized his profession, livelihood, fame, and even his freedom.
Harvey’s fame of offering reasonably priced and protected unlawful abortions grew shortly and put him on the radar of the Clergy Session Service on Abortion (CCS). This interdenominational non secular group devoted itself to serving to ladies entry protected and reasonably priced abortions—each unlawful and authorized—from licensed medical suppliers. One New York Metropolis minister later described Dr. Harvey as realizing, “extra about medical strategies in abortions than anybody within the nation” and as “a person of excessive social conscience, who labored out a scale of modest charges scaling all the way down to zero.”
To guard itself and its shoppers from authorized dangers, the CCS solely labored with licensed physicians. The CCS didn’t know that Harvey had misplaced his medical license someday in 1969. The historic document is patchy in regards to the circumstances surrounding Harvey surrendering his license to the Louisiana State Medical Board. There have been no headlines about police raids or botched abortions. Certainly, there is no such thing as a proof suggesting that Harvey was something lower than impeccable in his medical method or his therapy of sufferers all through his profession. The historic document solely reveals that the forfeiture of his license got here from violating Louisiana’s strict abortion legal guidelines. Like different physicians of conscience from that period, Harvey risked his skilled standing with a view to enhance the lives of abortion seekers.
Whether or not it was out of disgrace, ambition, or pragmatism is unclear, however Harvey saved quiet about the truth that he was now not capable of legally observe drugs. Had this reality come to mild, the CCS would have instantly ended their relationship with Harvey. What is obvious is that Harvey continued offering unlawful abortions whereas searching for methods to assist abortion seekers on a structural degree.
The chance to take action arose in early 1970 when New York State legalized abortion. Harvey and his colleague Barbara Pyle approached the New York Metropolis department of the CCS with a proposal to construct a authorized, freestanding abortion clinic, the primary of its variety in New York. Harvey and Pyle had rigorously studied and brought inspiration from reproductive healthcare provision in England, which had legalized abortion in 1968. The clinic, they proposed, would serve CCS counselees from throughout america in addition to New York Metropolis residents. And the mode for delivering this reproductive healthcare, Harvey underscored, would look after “the entire particular person” fairly than simply terminating a being pregnant. Counseling, intercourse training, and aftercare had been all a part of the imaginative and prescient. To this present day, abortion clinics use related fashions of reproductive healthcare.
The very causes that CCS clergy utilized Harvey’s unlawful abortion providers—his compassion, his expertise, and his dedication to providing reasonably priced and holistic therapy—triggered the clergy to comply with this plan. Harvey supplied the seed cash to purchase medical gear and set up the clinic, which got here to be generally known as the Middle for Reproductive and Sexual Well being (CRASH). The day abortion turned authorized—July 1, 1970—CRASH opened its doorways on East 73rd Avenue in New York Metropolis.
As a result of New York State didn’t have residency necessities, abortion suppliers there have been deluged with sufferers from throughout america and Canada. New York’s Well being Division reported that 88,000 ladies from 48 states traveled to New York between July 1 and December 31 of 1970.
An oasis in an unlimited medical desert, CRASH was inundated with sufferers who wanted reduction. Abortion seekers, unable to afford a resort room, camped out with their sleeping baggage, staying in doorways or sleeping of their automobiles in midtown Manhattan till they might get their process at CRASH. “All of us had been by means of unlawful abortions, so all people felt that they’d do something to assist the affected person,” remembered CRASH counselor Sabra Moore. A “variety of individuals had been taking sufferers dwelling,” she wrote, “Everybody was overdoing it, as a result of we had the sensation that this was her solely probability.”
From Dr. Harvey’s perspective, counselors like Moore had been important to enacting a holistic reproductive healthcare agenda. Harvey prioritized hiring and coaching these feminine counselors, a lot of whom had ties to the ladies’s liberation motion and lots of of whom had skilled the hardship of acquiring an abortion earlier than legalization. Anne Barry, who labored at CRASH as a counselor, recalled that Harvey “gave us group and particular person instruction…We discovered in regards to the procedures, about birth-control strategies, sterilizing strategies…We discovered how finest to specific our personal emotions to sufferers and to hearken to theirs.”
At different amenities throughout New York state, abortion was far costlier. Many New York hospitals charged upward of $500 for abortions. At first, CRASH charged $200. Inside a 12 months, CRASH dropped the value to $150 after which to $125. The clinic charged indigent sufferers even much less: a nominal price of $25. Whereas non-public hospitals and different clinics actively resisted working with Medicaid recipients, CRASH welcomed these sufferers. In a path-setting initiative, the clinic utilized for Medicaid reciprocity for out-of-state sufferers. Because of these efforts, ladies from states the place abortion was not but authorized, resembling Alabama and Mississippi, might have their medical prices coated at Dr. Harvey’s clinic.
Harvey’s time at CRASH was influential however quick. In late 1970, lower than six months after he arrived in New York Metropolis, his skilled standing got here to mild. A routine vetting of the clinic by the New York Division of Well being uncovered Harvey’s lack of medical license and the truth that he continued to offer abortions. The revelations jeopardized the certification of the clinic and its very capacity to remain open. To guard CRASH, Harvey resigned in January of 1971. CRASH’s information, contemporaneous sources, my interviews with the workers, and newspaper protection don’t counsel that Harvey himself confronted imminent arrest or prosecution. Officers appear to have wished to resolve the problem shortly and quietly.
Hale Harvey left america in early 1971. He moved to England and finally settled on the Isle of Wight, a small island off the nation’s southern coast. There, he raised a household and devoted himself to a variety of social causes together with reasonably priced housing.
What are we to make of Hale Harvey’s reproductive healthcare legacy? Harvey’s life and actions, just like the historic second through which he practiced drugs, weren’t tidy. On a primary degree, Harvey supplied abortions at a second when the social that means and authorized standing of the process and those that supplied them had been quickly altering. These pre-Roe years noticed numerous medical suppliers—many knowledgeable by non secular beliefs—take authorized dangers to problem medical and authorized rules that they felt had been unethical and unfair. A few of these medical doctors retained their licenses or regained them after abortion turned legalized. However some, like Horace Hale Harvey III, fell between the cracks of fixing authorized regimes.
In a way, Harvey’s want to offer assist—and to assist shortly—meant that he undercut his personal efforts. Excellent, Harvey appeared to imagine, was the enemy of excellent, typically to the frustration of these round him who had been extra element oriented about their method to social change. A colleague within the CCS chastised Harvey in 1970 for his “mania for conquering the entire world by subsequent Monday.” And that evaluation was greater than honest. However maybe a extra beneficiant view can be to see Harvey’s actions as an act of triage at a second of medical disaster. Ladies had been actually dying to get the sort of healthcare that Dr. Harvey willingly supplied.
The historical past of abortion activism, in spite of everything, is stuffed with imperfect actors providing compassion and sensible assist in a system that will criminalize them and disgrace these looking for their assist. And maybe that intent and impulse—bearing witness to ache and responding to these in want regardless of the profound skilled and private dangers—is Dr. Harvey’s lasting and most essential legacy.
Gillian Frank is an Assistant Professor within the Historical past of the Trendy United States at Trinity Faculty Dublin. His ebook, A Sacred Alternative: Liberal Faith and the Wrestle for Abortion Earlier than Roe v Wade, is forthcoming with College of North Carolina Press.
