(Picture supply: Cunningham & Mears)
When Brendan Marble leaves residence every morning for work within the oil fields of West Virginia, he carries with him a stack of Bibles and a willingness to speak to anybody he meets about Jesus. As he drives between 1000’s of lively oil and fuel wells—their concrete drilling platforms chopping into the area’s rolling hills and thick forests—he meets technicians, engineers, and operators with various levels of non secular conviction, from Christians who need to develop their religion to those that don’t think about themselves spiritual in any respect. Some are even brazenly hostile in direction of faith.
Because the founding father of Oilfield Evangelist Ministry, a nonprofit that gives Bible research sources and mentorship for oil and fuel staff, Marble sees it as his calling to share his religion with others in his line of labor. Throughout free time on the websites, whereas others are speaking about sports activities, he tries to “direct the dialog to the non secular,” sharing books and movies when somebody appears eager about studying extra.
He is aware of that every interplay is fleeting. With the transient nature of the work and the excessive turnover charges, he won’t ever meet the general public he speaks with once more. However Marble, who works as a touring security advisor, estimates that he’s had 1000’s of conversations with others within the trade, the place the high-pressure setting and excessive threat of accidents and accidents could make even probably the most hardened ponder non secular questions.
“We’ve all the time acquired to be fascinated about what’s going to occur the second we take our final breath,” Marble mentioned. “I need to do every thing I can to share the gospel with as many individuals as I can, so that they have a possibility to listen to the reality and reply to that reality.”
Marble’s ministry is only one amongst a community of evangelical organizations that focus on Christians within the oil and fuel trade, a notoriously unstable discipline that skilled much more instability through the COVID-19 pandemic due to fluctuations in oil costs. Although U.S. crude oil drilling is at a document excessive, the variety of folks employed in its extraction is shrinking every year, as new expertise reduces the necessity for staff to function equipment, and falling oil costs trigger corporations to chop again their manufacturing. And with the continued transition to renewable vitality—which is predicted to proceed regardless of President Trump’s “drill, child, drill” agenda—placing the long-term way forward for the trade in query, many staff worry for his or her job safety.
These anxieties, together with considerations about office security and low pay, make oilfields ripe for conversations about religion and spirituality, as evangelists like Marble have discovered. On the identical time, the work of oilfield ministries builds on a long-standing relationship between faith and useful resource extraction in america, notably in oil-rich southern and western states like Texas, Oklahoma, and North Dakota. Non secular beliefs have helped encourage oil drilling from its earliest days. These beliefs are nonetheless broadly held; Scott Pruitt, a former oil trade government who served as director of the Environmental Safety Company throughout Trump’s first time period, has mentioned that the Bible promotes drilling for coal, oil, and fuel as a part of humankind’s dominion over the Earth.
“The biblical world view is that now we have a accountability to handle and domesticate, harvest the pure sources that we’ve been blessed with to really bless our fellow mankind,” Pruitt advised the Christian Broadcasting Community in 2018.
In flip, U.S. evangelical Protestants have among the lowest charges of perception in human-caused local weather change amongst spiritual teams, partly because of fossil gasoline trade assist for spiritual organizations and assume tanks that promote local weather change denial. Oil and fuel corporations like Shell donate broadly to church buildings and non secular faculties in oil-rich states like Texas, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania, in accordance with reporting from The Guardian and DeSmog. Oil and fuel staff are round 80 p.c white and male, and each demographics are typically extra dismissive of local weather change considerations. And though there aren’t any clear-cut numbers on the religiosity or spiritual affiliation of staff on this trade in comparison with others, they are typically receptive to teams just like the Oilfield Christian Fellowship, the most important of the oilfield ministries within the U.S.
The group was based in 1991 by a drilling engineer and a chemical salesman who needed to create an area for Christians within the oil trade to satisfy. They began internet hosting month-to-month prayer breakfasts at a church in Houston and distributing Bibles to grease staff all over the world. Though oil and fuel corporations don’t instantly sponsor these occasions, their executives characteristic prominently as visitor audio system. Final Could, the Oilfield Christian Fellowship hosted its twenty fifth annual prayer breakfast through the Offshore Know-how Convention, a gathering for oil trade professionals in Houston. The keynote speaker was Alan Smith, the co-founder, president, and CEO of Rockcliff Power; earlier prayer breakfasts have featured executives from corporations like Occidental Petroleum, one of many largest oil and fuel producers in america.
(Picture supply: Michael Stravato for The New York Instances)
This sort of shut relationship between faith and oil goes again to the trade’s origins within the late nineteenth century, says Darren Dochuk, a historical past professor on the College of Notre Dame and writer of Anointed with Oil: How Christianity and Crude Made Trendy America. Figures like John D. Rockefeller and J. Howard Pew based main oil corporations and used the proceeds to advertise Christian beliefs, each within the U.S. and overseas. Rockefeller, a northern Baptist, adopted what Dochuk termed the “civil faith of crude,” believing the wealth generated by his Customary Oil enterprise was gifted by God and must be utilized “for the great of [his] fellow man,” similar to for spiritual schooling.
In distinction, unbiased oilmen, who got down to make their fortunes in California, Oklahoma, and Texas, held a “fiercely particular person” view of Christianity that prioritized a private relationship with Christ, Dochuk advised The Revealer, which mirrored their need to extract oil on their very own phrases and with out authorities intervention. Non secular leaders started to worry that with out their involvement, the oil patch would change into a “violent, secular place,” and got down to create spiritual establishments in and round oilfields to anchor staff with religion, Dochuk added.
Over time, oil wealth helped fund the development of church buildings across the Southwest, whereas coal extraction supported the expansion of comparable establishments in Appalachia. Non secular assist has in flip helped hold the trade influential, whilst requires a transition to renewable vitality to fight local weather change have grown extra pressing. Communities that rely upon the extraction of oil to fund their faculties, infrastructure, and non secular organizations have leaned into theological assist for the trade, whilst different outstanding Christians have urged america to maneuver away from fossil fuels.
“This infrastructure has all the time rested on this fiercely evangelical worldview that accepts threat, that accepts speculative capitalism that brings with it increase and bust cycles,” Dochuk mentioned. “It’s not fatalistic, however there’s simply an acceptance of that as a part of the discount that we make as a society.”
The Oilfield Christian Fellowship doesn’t explicitly take a stance on the transition from fossil fuels. But it surely does search to acknowledge the work that goes into producing vitality and assist staff via troublesome instances, mentioned Mike Chaffin, a drilling engineer and the group’s Bible ministry chairman. He mentioned demand for his or her Bibles grew through the pandemic whilst in-person actions faltered.
“Struggles and issues, confronted correctly, draw you nearer to God,” Chaffin mentioned. “And folks knew that they wanted one thing.”
At one level, the fellowship had over 20 chapters in cities across the nation in addition to Canada and Venezuela, Chaffin mentioned, though the pandemic prompted many to shut or scale down their actions. One chapter that remained lively is in Oklahoma Metropolis, the place the group has performed a helpful function among the many oil and fuel workforce since its founding in 2004, mentioned chapter president Jeff Hubbard.
Members hold a prayer request thread going over electronic mail, the place staff and their households categorical their struggles to discover a job or to look after a sick liked one. Additionally they host occasions—like an annual tailgate celebration for oilfield staff—and lift funds for native charities, similar to an Oklahoma Metropolis homeless shelter. A month-to-month luncheon recurrently attracts round 100 attendees who hear from audio system that describe the challenges of working in an trade that goes via fixed increase and bust cycles.
Although many individuals throughout all fields nonetheless keep away from speaking about faith at work, some analysis has proven that spiritual beliefs can affect efficiency within the office. One research from 2023 discovered a connection between attendance at spiritual companies and better wages; one other, which tracked folks working within the banking, schooling, and tourism sectors in Turkey, discovered that extra spiritual workers “have a excessive stage of satisfaction with their work, are extra dedicated to their establishments, and expertise much less burnout by dealing with stress components extra simply.” Some corporations have embraced faith, hiring chaplains to spice up office productiveness by offering non secular companies.
These practices lengthen to the fossil gasoline trade; the UK has an official oil and fuel chaplaincy, which affords non secular care to staff and their dependents. Since 2004, many oil and fuel corporations within the U.S. and all over the world have additionally allowed OCF to distribute a specialised Bible to their staff. Referred to as “God’s Phrase for the Oil Patch,” the e book consists of 16 testimonies from oilfield staff all over the world, who clarify how their religion helped them via every thing from marital struggles to battles with alcoholism. Chaffin estimates that the group has distributed about 375,000 Bibles—each the Oil Patch and commonplace variations—in 69 international locations.
That work has made a distinction, Chaffin says—although one which displays a particular concern with what he referred to as sustaining a “family-friendly” environment. He used to see cursing and pornography abound within the oilfield, points that draw specific concern and condemnation from evangelical Christians within the U.S. By encouraging a discount in these practices, Chaffin mentioned the Oilfield Christian Fellowship has helped promote what he believes to be a better respect for Christian values.
Bigger traits within the trade have posed each challenges and alternatives to OCF’s mission since its founding; previously few a long time, for instance, security enhancements have lowered accident charges considerably, making non secular assist much less essential. On the identical time, oilfield staff have needed to adapt to whiplash from frequent job cuts as the arrival of hydraulic fracturing downsized the oil and fuel workforce, leaving many in search of fellowship with others. Solely 110,700 folks throughout the U.S. had been employed within the oil and fuel trade in 2021, lower than half of the workforce’s peak thirty years prior.
For some, although, religion is extra of a private journey that’s largely unconnected to the character of the work that they do, with the oilfield only a office like some other. Brendan Marble’s personal path to founding the Oilfield Evangelist Ministry began with an interior transformation. A former skilled firefighter, he battled habit for over a decade, and in 2013 he was arrested on drug prices. He needed to forfeit his EMT license and confronted years in jail. “I acquired down on my knees,” Marble mentioned. “I used to be crying such as you’ve by no means seen a grown man cry in your life. And I simply cried out to God, and he modified my life.”
Although he had gone to church a handful of instances rising up, he began studying the Bible in earnest and resonated with its message of repentance and divine forgiveness. Two months later, Marble began working within the oil and fuel trade as a security advisor, which required him to maneuver between completely different drilling websites throughout West Virginia, conducting inspections and advising corporations on tips on how to run their operations. There, he felt compelled to share what he had discovered with others working in his trade.
“He referred to as me into the oil discipline, and I simply began preaching,” Marble mentioned. “I simply began sharing the gospel, and as I began to mature in my religion, then God was maturing me, engaged on me, altering me.”
Although his need to share his religion didn’t begin by concentrating on the oil trade specifically, Marble seen a selected want for such companies in what he referred to as a “spiritually darkish trade.” Job insecurity and the damaging nature of the work result in ambivalent and even hostile attitudes towards faith, Marble mentioned. He’s had folks get indignant with him and has feared for his security at instances, although he says he by no means forces a dialog upon somebody who clearly doesn’t need to have interaction. Oil and fuel corporations are additionally prepared to rent folks with legal backgrounds—himself included—which Marble mentioned meant that most of the staff he talked to had been grappling with interior demons.
“As I acquired into the trade, and I began speaking to folks about God, I spotted that there are such a lot of those that don’t know God, that hate God,” Marble mentioned. “In fact, I used to be there at one level, too. However the fantastic factor is that with my previous, I’m capable of join with lots of people within the trade, as a result of a variety of them that I’ve talked to have a really related path.”
Although he doesn’t see the general public he evangelizes to once more, some have invited him to talk at their church buildings. Others have advised him that his message helped them cope with troublesome instances, from private tragedies to job losses and financial insecurity that characterize the work.
“I’ve had folks make a occupation of religion in Christ, as I converse with them,” Marble mentioned. “There’s a variety of hurting folks on the market that want hope.”
That hope could also be more durable to seek out, although, as these very oil and fuel staff stare down the barrel of a altering vitality financial system, one that’s shifting away from fossil fuels with out providing various employment for the individuals who extract them. Some spiritual leaders have responded by calling for a “honest, simply transition” to renewable vitality—arguing that local weather motion will in the end profit humanity greater than pure religion.
“Oil, coal and fuel are certainly presents from God,” Julius Mbatia of the ACT Alliance, a faith-based coalition urging a transition away from fossil fuels, mentioned on the world local weather change convention in Azerbaijan final yr. “Nonetheless, God has trusted humanity to look after the creation, to not exploit it.”
Diana Kruzman is a contract journalist primarily based in New York who writes about faith, local weather change, and human rights within the U.S. and internationally. Her work has appeared in publications together with the New York Instances, Faith Information Service, the Christian Science Monitor, and Grist.
(Picture supply: Cunningham & Mears)
When Brendan Marble leaves residence every morning for work within the oil fields of West Virginia, he carries with him a stack of Bibles and a willingness to speak to anybody he meets about Jesus. As he drives between 1000’s of lively oil and fuel wells—their concrete drilling platforms chopping into the area’s rolling hills and thick forests—he meets technicians, engineers, and operators with various levels of non secular conviction, from Christians who need to develop their religion to those that don’t think about themselves spiritual in any respect. Some are even brazenly hostile in direction of faith.
Because the founding father of Oilfield Evangelist Ministry, a nonprofit that gives Bible research sources and mentorship for oil and fuel staff, Marble sees it as his calling to share his religion with others in his line of labor. Throughout free time on the websites, whereas others are speaking about sports activities, he tries to “direct the dialog to the non secular,” sharing books and movies when somebody appears eager about studying extra.
He is aware of that every interplay is fleeting. With the transient nature of the work and the excessive turnover charges, he won’t ever meet the general public he speaks with once more. However Marble, who works as a touring security advisor, estimates that he’s had 1000’s of conversations with others within the trade, the place the high-pressure setting and excessive threat of accidents and accidents could make even probably the most hardened ponder non secular questions.
“We’ve all the time acquired to be fascinated about what’s going to occur the second we take our final breath,” Marble mentioned. “I need to do every thing I can to share the gospel with as many individuals as I can, so that they have a possibility to listen to the reality and reply to that reality.”
Marble’s ministry is only one amongst a community of evangelical organizations that focus on Christians within the oil and fuel trade, a notoriously unstable discipline that skilled much more instability through the COVID-19 pandemic due to fluctuations in oil costs. Although U.S. crude oil drilling is at a document excessive, the variety of folks employed in its extraction is shrinking every year, as new expertise reduces the necessity for staff to function equipment, and falling oil costs trigger corporations to chop again their manufacturing. And with the continued transition to renewable vitality—which is predicted to proceed regardless of President Trump’s “drill, child, drill” agenda—placing the long-term way forward for the trade in query, many staff worry for his or her job safety.
These anxieties, together with considerations about office security and low pay, make oilfields ripe for conversations about religion and spirituality, as evangelists like Marble have discovered. On the identical time, the work of oilfield ministries builds on a long-standing relationship between faith and useful resource extraction in america, notably in oil-rich southern and western states like Texas, Oklahoma, and North Dakota. Non secular beliefs have helped encourage oil drilling from its earliest days. These beliefs are nonetheless broadly held; Scott Pruitt, a former oil trade government who served as director of the Environmental Safety Company throughout Trump’s first time period, has mentioned that the Bible promotes drilling for coal, oil, and fuel as a part of humankind’s dominion over the Earth.
“The biblical world view is that now we have a accountability to handle and domesticate, harvest the pure sources that we’ve been blessed with to really bless our fellow mankind,” Pruitt advised the Christian Broadcasting Community in 2018.
In flip, U.S. evangelical Protestants have among the lowest charges of perception in human-caused local weather change amongst spiritual teams, partly because of fossil gasoline trade assist for spiritual organizations and assume tanks that promote local weather change denial. Oil and fuel corporations like Shell donate broadly to church buildings and non secular faculties in oil-rich states like Texas, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania, in accordance with reporting from The Guardian and DeSmog. Oil and fuel staff are round 80 p.c white and male, and each demographics are typically extra dismissive of local weather change considerations. And though there aren’t any clear-cut numbers on the religiosity or spiritual affiliation of staff on this trade in comparison with others, they are typically receptive to teams just like the Oilfield Christian Fellowship, the most important of the oilfield ministries within the U.S.
The group was based in 1991 by a drilling engineer and a chemical salesman who needed to create an area for Christians within the oil trade to satisfy. They began internet hosting month-to-month prayer breakfasts at a church in Houston and distributing Bibles to grease staff all over the world. Though oil and fuel corporations don’t instantly sponsor these occasions, their executives characteristic prominently as visitor audio system. Final Could, the Oilfield Christian Fellowship hosted its twenty fifth annual prayer breakfast through the Offshore Know-how Convention, a gathering for oil trade professionals in Houston. The keynote speaker was Alan Smith, the co-founder, president, and CEO of Rockcliff Power; earlier prayer breakfasts have featured executives from corporations like Occidental Petroleum, one of many largest oil and fuel producers in america.
(Picture supply: Michael Stravato for The New York Instances)
This sort of shut relationship between faith and oil goes again to the trade’s origins within the late nineteenth century, says Darren Dochuk, a historical past professor on the College of Notre Dame and writer of Anointed with Oil: How Christianity and Crude Made Trendy America. Figures like John D. Rockefeller and J. Howard Pew based main oil corporations and used the proceeds to advertise Christian beliefs, each within the U.S. and overseas. Rockefeller, a northern Baptist, adopted what Dochuk termed the “civil faith of crude,” believing the wealth generated by his Customary Oil enterprise was gifted by God and must be utilized “for the great of [his] fellow man,” similar to for spiritual schooling.
In distinction, unbiased oilmen, who got down to make their fortunes in California, Oklahoma, and Texas, held a “fiercely particular person” view of Christianity that prioritized a private relationship with Christ, Dochuk advised The Revealer, which mirrored their need to extract oil on their very own phrases and with out authorities intervention. Non secular leaders started to worry that with out their involvement, the oil patch would change into a “violent, secular place,” and got down to create spiritual establishments in and round oilfields to anchor staff with religion, Dochuk added.
Over time, oil wealth helped fund the development of church buildings across the Southwest, whereas coal extraction supported the expansion of comparable establishments in Appalachia. Non secular assist has in flip helped hold the trade influential, whilst requires a transition to renewable vitality to fight local weather change have grown extra pressing. Communities that rely upon the extraction of oil to fund their faculties, infrastructure, and non secular organizations have leaned into theological assist for the trade, whilst different outstanding Christians have urged america to maneuver away from fossil fuels.
“This infrastructure has all the time rested on this fiercely evangelical worldview that accepts threat, that accepts speculative capitalism that brings with it increase and bust cycles,” Dochuk mentioned. “It’s not fatalistic, however there’s simply an acceptance of that as a part of the discount that we make as a society.”
The Oilfield Christian Fellowship doesn’t explicitly take a stance on the transition from fossil fuels. But it surely does search to acknowledge the work that goes into producing vitality and assist staff via troublesome instances, mentioned Mike Chaffin, a drilling engineer and the group’s Bible ministry chairman. He mentioned demand for his or her Bibles grew through the pandemic whilst in-person actions faltered.
“Struggles and issues, confronted correctly, draw you nearer to God,” Chaffin mentioned. “And folks knew that they wanted one thing.”
At one level, the fellowship had over 20 chapters in cities across the nation in addition to Canada and Venezuela, Chaffin mentioned, though the pandemic prompted many to shut or scale down their actions. One chapter that remained lively is in Oklahoma Metropolis, the place the group has performed a helpful function among the many oil and fuel workforce since its founding in 2004, mentioned chapter president Jeff Hubbard.
Members hold a prayer request thread going over electronic mail, the place staff and their households categorical their struggles to discover a job or to look after a sick liked one. Additionally they host occasions—like an annual tailgate celebration for oilfield staff—and lift funds for native charities, similar to an Oklahoma Metropolis homeless shelter. A month-to-month luncheon recurrently attracts round 100 attendees who hear from audio system that describe the challenges of working in an trade that goes via fixed increase and bust cycles.
Although many individuals throughout all fields nonetheless keep away from speaking about faith at work, some analysis has proven that spiritual beliefs can affect efficiency within the office. One research from 2023 discovered a connection between attendance at spiritual companies and better wages; one other, which tracked folks working within the banking, schooling, and tourism sectors in Turkey, discovered that extra spiritual workers “have a excessive stage of satisfaction with their work, are extra dedicated to their establishments, and expertise much less burnout by dealing with stress components extra simply.” Some corporations have embraced faith, hiring chaplains to spice up office productiveness by offering non secular companies.
These practices lengthen to the fossil gasoline trade; the UK has an official oil and fuel chaplaincy, which affords non secular care to staff and their dependents. Since 2004, many oil and fuel corporations within the U.S. and all over the world have additionally allowed OCF to distribute a specialised Bible to their staff. Referred to as “God’s Phrase for the Oil Patch,” the e book consists of 16 testimonies from oilfield staff all over the world, who clarify how their religion helped them via every thing from marital struggles to battles with alcoholism. Chaffin estimates that the group has distributed about 375,000 Bibles—each the Oil Patch and commonplace variations—in 69 international locations.
That work has made a distinction, Chaffin says—although one which displays a particular concern with what he referred to as sustaining a “family-friendly” environment. He used to see cursing and pornography abound within the oilfield, points that draw specific concern and condemnation from evangelical Christians within the U.S. By encouraging a discount in these practices, Chaffin mentioned the Oilfield Christian Fellowship has helped promote what he believes to be a better respect for Christian values.
Bigger traits within the trade have posed each challenges and alternatives to OCF’s mission since its founding; previously few a long time, for instance, security enhancements have lowered accident charges considerably, making non secular assist much less essential. On the identical time, oilfield staff have needed to adapt to whiplash from frequent job cuts as the arrival of hydraulic fracturing downsized the oil and fuel workforce, leaving many in search of fellowship with others. Solely 110,700 folks throughout the U.S. had been employed within the oil and fuel trade in 2021, lower than half of the workforce’s peak thirty years prior.
For some, although, religion is extra of a private journey that’s largely unconnected to the character of the work that they do, with the oilfield only a office like some other. Brendan Marble’s personal path to founding the Oilfield Evangelist Ministry began with an interior transformation. A former skilled firefighter, he battled habit for over a decade, and in 2013 he was arrested on drug prices. He needed to forfeit his EMT license and confronted years in jail. “I acquired down on my knees,” Marble mentioned. “I used to be crying such as you’ve by no means seen a grown man cry in your life. And I simply cried out to God, and he modified my life.”
Although he had gone to church a handful of instances rising up, he began studying the Bible in earnest and resonated with its message of repentance and divine forgiveness. Two months later, Marble began working within the oil and fuel trade as a security advisor, which required him to maneuver between completely different drilling websites throughout West Virginia, conducting inspections and advising corporations on tips on how to run their operations. There, he felt compelled to share what he had discovered with others working in his trade.
“He referred to as me into the oil discipline, and I simply began preaching,” Marble mentioned. “I simply began sharing the gospel, and as I began to mature in my religion, then God was maturing me, engaged on me, altering me.”
Although his need to share his religion didn’t begin by concentrating on the oil trade specifically, Marble seen a selected want for such companies in what he referred to as a “spiritually darkish trade.” Job insecurity and the damaging nature of the work result in ambivalent and even hostile attitudes towards faith, Marble mentioned. He’s had folks get indignant with him and has feared for his security at instances, although he says he by no means forces a dialog upon somebody who clearly doesn’t need to have interaction. Oil and fuel corporations are additionally prepared to rent folks with legal backgrounds—himself included—which Marble mentioned meant that most of the staff he talked to had been grappling with interior demons.
“As I acquired into the trade, and I began speaking to folks about God, I spotted that there are such a lot of those that don’t know God, that hate God,” Marble mentioned. “In fact, I used to be there at one level, too. However the fantastic factor is that with my previous, I’m capable of join with lots of people within the trade, as a result of a variety of them that I’ve talked to have a really related path.”
Although he doesn’t see the general public he evangelizes to once more, some have invited him to talk at their church buildings. Others have advised him that his message helped them cope with troublesome instances, from private tragedies to job losses and financial insecurity that characterize the work.
“I’ve had folks make a occupation of religion in Christ, as I converse with them,” Marble mentioned. “There’s a variety of hurting folks on the market that want hope.”
That hope could also be more durable to seek out, although, as these very oil and fuel staff stare down the barrel of a altering vitality financial system, one that’s shifting away from fossil fuels with out providing various employment for the individuals who extract them. Some spiritual leaders have responded by calling for a “honest, simply transition” to renewable vitality—arguing that local weather motion will in the end profit humanity greater than pure religion.
“Oil, coal and fuel are certainly presents from God,” Julius Mbatia of the ACT Alliance, a faith-based coalition urging a transition away from fossil fuels, mentioned on the world local weather change convention in Azerbaijan final yr. “Nonetheless, God has trusted humanity to look after the creation, to not exploit it.”
Diana Kruzman is a contract journalist primarily based in New York who writes about faith, local weather change, and human rights within the U.S. and internationally. Her work has appeared in publications together with the New York Instances, Faith Information Service, the Christian Science Monitor, and Grist.
